Journal of Optimization in Industrial Engineering
Volume:16 Issue: 34, Winter and Spring 2023

In this paper, we present a suitable extension of the approach described by Pieume et al. (2011) for solving multi-follower multi-objective linear bilevel programming problems. This problem is a special case of multi-follower bilevel linear programming problems, where each decision maker possesses several objective functions that in some cases, conflict with one another. We construct a multi-objective linear programming problem. Furthermore, we show that the multi-follower multi-objective linear bilevel programming problem can be reduced to optimize the top-level multi-objective linear programming problem over an efficient set. The proposed approach uses a Pareto-filter scheme, and obtains an approximate discrete representation efficient set unlike the fuzzy approaches that only obtain one efficient solution.  Ultimately, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.

Today’s highly flexible and dynamic customer demand for the best quality of products with lower selling price and short delivery time makes garment manufacturing industries globally stiff to survive and to compete in the world market. Lean concentrates on the elimination of production wastes to create a production system highly adaptive to meet market demand. Six sigma, on the other hand, is a continuous improvement plan that is intended to reduce variability. However, the scale of implementation of lean and six sigma in developed and developing countries varies based on the technologies’ own manufacturing. In this paper, a customized lean and six sigma is implemented through DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control)-based methodology for the emerging garment industry in Ethiopia. In addition, the efficiency of the customized lean and six sigma in reducing the quality problem and enhancing the productivity is proven through a real case study. The customized lean and six sigma helps the case company to lower the lead time by 36.05%, increased the sigma level by 21.03%, and increase labor productivity by 25.54%.

Effective strategic development of modern enterprises is possible through the rapid formation, introduction and implementation of measures for resource conservation and waste minimization without reducing overall efficiency. The paper proves that achieving this goal is possible through the formation of a rationalized set of business processes at the enterprise, connected by a mutual resource base, which do not necessarily have to be profitable in the current year. To determine the level of rational implementation of business processes of the enterprise, it is proposed to use the coefficient of synchronization. It is substantiated that the use of the coefficient of synchronicity of business processes will facilitate the selection of the most useful business processes for the strategic development of the enterprise and the rejection of those that are not sufficiently attractive in terms of certain characteristics. The proposed recommendations were tested on a sample of machine-building enterprises. According to the results obtained, it was determined that for the effective development of the studied enterprises it is necessary: for some - to combine their efforts with the capabilities of other enterprises; for others - to rationalize the composition and structure of existing business processes and/or create conditions for the effective implementation of new business processes that will contribute to the production of products necessary to ensure an effective full cycle of production of the enterprise. The obtained results made it possible to form certain clusters of enterprises in accordance with the general scenario of their development, determined by the value of the synchrony coefficient. The author substantiates the choice of a certain direction of movement for each of these clusters. In addition, practical recommendations for the effective strategic development of enterprises of these clusters within the chosen direction through the optimal increase of the necessary capabilities are presented. Drawing on a national development strategy, government officials should enhance and use the indicated clusters for meeting needs of a particular region or a country in general.

The steel industry is a whole industry worldwide and a fundamental industry sector in the national economy. It is undeniable that raw materials are an essential part of a steel company's operations. Therefore, steel companies require reliable and valid raw material suppliers. One of the strategic activities of supply chain management is selecting suitable suppliers. Supplier selection (SS) is a multi-criteria decision-making process and requires a comprehensive evaluation process, often under uncertain conditions. While the application of MCDM tools is continuously growing in the SS literature, these tools can not cope with future or environmental uncertainty. The matrix approach to robustness analysis as a method capable of covering this type of uncertainty has a fundamental weakness; This approach uses only one criterion to check the performance of alternatives. This point has been considered in this study. For this purpose, a study has been conducted in a steel manufacturing company to choose the most suitable supplier among the four. Based on the proposed approach, problem owners defined future scenarios by considering different states of economic, social, and environmental variables. Then, the performance of the suppliers was judged by experts according to the cost, quality, time, supply security, and capacity criteria in the form of future scenarios. Finally, we placed the average performance of the suppliers in the five criteria in the decision matrix and prioritized them. The results showed that supplier A3 is the best option.

With the global market's growing competition, the use of logistics services in Morocco has become an urgent necessity to optimize costs and improve service quality.To succeed in this strategy, guidelines are proposed for the accompaniment of contractors. One of the fundamental pillars of this strategy is based on the choice of an efficient partner, which we call a Logistics Services Provider (LSP).Indeed, the bibliography contains numerous decision-making methods, so decision-makers have faced the challenge of selecting the most relevant method.The main challenge is to always seek the effectiveness and sustainability of the relationship in a network of potential partners, often very complex. To this purpose, an eminent need to model this relationship linking the actors of this network is required.The study carried out involves modeling the problem of LSP selection and the assignment of the service to be outsourced to the appropriate LSP. The linear model developed takes into account both qualitative and quantitative criteria. The model developed aims to optimize the overall cost of selecting the suitable LSP.The resolution method chosen for this problem is the Branch and Bound method and the tool used for the coding of this linear program is CPLEX.

The primary objective is to address the psychosocial problems and occupational stress of Pakistani shift workers who feel insecure in their community. This study found that shift workers, particularly night shift workers, have psychosocial issues and are stressed. To achieve the research objective, 300 sample sizes are selected from the Pakistan railway using a cross-sectional research design, with shift workers and genders categorizing the sample size. The dyadic adjustment scale, depression anxiety, and stress, as well as demographic variables, are used to examine the significant outcome. The result revealed that night shift workers experience anxiety and stress, as well as psychosocial issues. Additionally, multiple regression analysis indicated that socio economic indicator significantly predictors of anxiety, stress, and depression of shift worker. This study contributes to literature of psychological issues, anxiety, and depression of shift worker of railway, and helps the authorities and policies maker to provide the effective and efficient policy for the wellbeing of workers. In Addition, in order to improve the performance of shift workers, the Pakistani railway hospital implemented various management strategies for depressed workers.

Bridges, the most important road infrastructure in construction and operation conditions, are constantly exposed to the crisis of depreciation and destruction. With the reduction of government budgets and the consequent reduction of their maintenance credits, the approach of this crisis to a disaster is implausible. In such a situation, a dynamic and comprehensive system that can appropriately prioritize limited budget allocation is undoubtedly desirable for the trustees. This system is called Bridge Management System (BMS). This research seeks to investigate the capacities of improving the management system of road bridges in Iran. For this purpose, a library study method has been used to examine the findings of other researchers in the field of BMS improvement potentials. The result of this study is the selection of three techniques of project risk management, comprehensive quality management and data mining, whose functions and characteristics to be able to match and improve BMS functions. A field study tested the improved performance of BMS in front of bridge maintenance operators in the country. The final result of the research showed that the proposed improved performance. It has raised the expectations of the operators of the maintenance of Iranian bridges in a general and step-by-step manner.

Total quality management (TQM) has emerged as a global concern in the twenty-first century. TQM is an essential strategy for sustaining competitive advantage and managing businesses to improve overall effectiveness and performance in the pursuit of world-class status. Higher education institutions face global competition, technological advancements, cost control and other financial pressures. In this context, current research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of job satisfaction among employees of higher education institutes by implementing Total Quality Management (TQM) practices. Higher education institutions (HEIs) work in an increasingly complicated and challenging environment. In this context, the organization of the paper is as follows the PRISMA statement 2020 to include and exclude records from the Scopus database. Furthermore, we employed key terms occurrences analysis to identify the significant themes in the review literature. The VOS Viewer emphasized the number of keywords and key phrases used in the articles. During the data analysis phase, three key data streams were extracted: quality management, work satisfaction in higher education institutes, and TQM techniques and implementation. The result indicates that accepting quality management, on the other hand, offers the advantage of increasing employees' happiness and more significant learning and service quality. Furthermore, findings indicate that TQM approaches like reward and recognition, employee empowerment, training and education, quality culture, and connection and cooperation all benefit employee job satisfaction. The findings indicate that TQM is a philosophy of continuous improvement that may give a set of skills and scientific instruments to meet any educational institution's current and future requirements and expectations.

The 6 Sigma methodology is widely used in different types of industries, from manufacturing type industries to service industries. The objective of the methodology is based on reducing variability in the production system, that is, achieving that the standard deviation is as many times as possible within the mean of the process being measured. The Six Sigma methodology is based on the DMAIC process which is to define, measure, analyze, implement, and control, with these stages, it is possible to identify quality critics and understand their root cause, therefore, if it is known Why a problem occurs, it can be fixed. With DMAIC methodology, the reduction of the variation that arises from the types of problems that were mentioned within the 6 Sigma methodology is sought. In the other hand, 6 sigma and DMAIC process possess more that 40 quality tools to improve the critical of quality and in these manners increase the company efficiency. In such a way, the objective of this research is the presentation of the most effective tools and simply to apply in companies of the methodology, also how this quality tools can be applied in any type of problem to increase efficiency and productivity, this with the necessity of companies’ quality improvement and beginners’ practitioners can used as a simple way of the methodology implementation.

This article discusses about researches on logistics efficiency. It deliberates knowledge on researches with logistics efficiency as topics that might be useful for future studies. Literature review is employed as the method. It was used systematically on 32 articles that discussed about logistics efficiency derived from three journal databases. Based on previous researches, they could be grouped into five main topics, which are logistics efficiency on product and measurement; framework, model and approach of logistics efficiency; logistics efficiency and supply chain; logistics efficiency in the perspective of customer and macroeconomics; logistics efficiency and environment. From all reviewed researches, studies on framework, model and the approach of logistics efficiency are considered as the most often topics being discussed and from all discussed researches of all categories, future potential studies are also suggested.

Considering the importance of inventory management in the pharmaceutical industry, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, this paper investigates a five-echelon pharmaceutical supply chain including component suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, distributors and consumers in order to identify various variables of the inventory management systems and analyze their behavior. Conducting the research, first, based on the reviewing the literature, 29 drivers of bullwhip effect (BWE) in supply chain were extracted. Next, systems dynamics as a powerful approach for modeling complex systems, especially supply chains, is applied to simulate the dynamics of the pharmaceutical supply chain. So, the interactions of the main variables of the system were translated to the dynamic hypotheses and constitute the causal loop diagram. Then, stock and flow diagram was formulated in form of the differential equations. To validate the proposed model, some structural and behavioral validation test were implemented which indicated model’s accuracy. Finally, 4 potential scenarios based on the extent of improvement in information quality, safety stock and lead time were developed and manipulated to analyze their effects on inventory gap, as the main indicator of BWE. The results indicate that the best scenario for the component supplier and manufacturer is 5% increase in the information quality, 10% increase in the safety reserve and 5% decrease in lead time. While for the medicine distributor and medicine retailer; 5% increase in information quality, 5% increase in the safety reserve and 10% reduction in lead time, minimizes stock gap in the shortest time.

With global warming and energy shortages, smart grids have become a significant issue in the power grid. Demand response is one of the basic factors of smart grids. To enhance the efficiency of demand response, an intelligent home appliance control system is essential, which prioritizes the start-up of electrical appliances according to the necessity of use and efficiency. To properly manage the demand response, utilities use different signals such as price. One of the pricing methods that can be considered is different pricing for electrical appliance clusters. In this article, appliances are clustered by the K-means and hierarchical clustering based on the characteristics of the appliances themselves, such as the appliances’ extent of consumption, the type of use of home appliances, how home appliances work, the ability to change the working conditions of home appliances, home appliances usage time, etc. It seems that the K-means clustering method outperforms the hierarchical method in this issue, due to its lower value of DB coefficient. In this method, home appliances were classified into three clusters. The silhouette coefficient was developed as a measure of the K-means clustering model performance, where the average silhouette coefficient of 0.6 indicates the satisfactory value of the model. Based on the results, it was found that the proposed clustering method can rationally classify different types of home appliances by selecting the appropriate characteristics since the appliances in a cluster are very similar to each other and can help users understand the operating conditions of the appliances.

Supplier selection of urban train signaling equipment is one of the main problems in urban railways due to the serious impact of this equipment on the safety of travelers. The supplier's selection is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem, in which the preferences over criteria are highly dependent on the opinions of decision-makers (DMs). The focus of the present study is to provide an appropriate model of multi-criteria group decision making in a probabilistic setting to effectively combine DMs' judgments. For this purpose, the Bayesian hierarchical model with the best-worst method (BWM) is used to determine the weights of criteria and the Vise Keriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) is used to prioritize suppliers. Bayesian BWM aggregates the opinions of all DMs at once, instead of averaging the individual opinions of the DMs that underlie MCDM methods. In this method, the probability of preference of one criterion over one another is calculated using Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), in addition to the weight of criteria, so that the confidence between pairs of criteria is revealed and ranking of criteria become more certain. Given that the average obtained confidence levels are 0.95, the validity of the Bayesian BWM results is confirmed. For different values of the VIKOR parameter, the third supplier will have the highest rating and the fifth supplier will have the lowest rating. The introduced multi-criteria decision model in this research will help the decision-makers of the urban railway company and other organizations with several suppliers to be able to select the best supplier by considering the relevant criteria.

The influence of price and product performance (quality) is closely related to customer value in determining the choice of how valuable the product is to customers so that customers benefit from the costs incurred to obtain products or services so that an emotional bond between customers and sellers will also be formed in the form of economic benefits from a product or service. product. PT. XYZ is a heavy equipment distributor company. XY which is sold by the main distributor in Indonesia has now developed into one of the main players in the domestic industrial sector, one of its products is the Excavator which is a superior product with the ability to work in all sectors. In this study, multiple linear regression was used, to determine the relationship between the two independent and dependent variables, whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable or not. Price and product performance have a significant effect on customer decisions to buy heavy equipment Excavator and it is concluded that product performance is more influential than price, on customer decisions

The encouragement of technology application in environmental protection is one of the major challenges for most industries. Human activities that harm the environment must be tackled wisely so that all efforts in maintaining a safe environment can be continued. This situation leads us to the need for preparing individuals with adequate skills and knowledge related to green skills before entering the industry. This research is conducted to identify the occupational competency profile for mechanical industry towards sustainable development. The research methods comprise a methodological framework and model design. There were three phases involved in this study; namely the first, Needs Analysis Phase; second, Design Phase; and third, Usability Phase. Three requirements were used to determine whether to accept or reject the items. The lowest items based on their percentage were rejected. The final competency profile consisting of Skill, Knowledge, and Attitude domains with 14 sub domains was constructed. This study can support the development of training for future workers in the mechanical industry. The current scenario reports that individuals who enter the industrial world are lacking relevant qualifications related to work. These personnel are categorised as low-skilled workers which means more training need to be provided for them prior to entering the labour force. Therefore, specific training related to their job skills particularly in green skills need to be conducted to enhance their skills.

This study developed and validated a formalized and robust integer linear programming (ILP) model to optimize the lecturer-to-course assignment problem (concerning balancing workload) for a university department that offers engineering programs. Questionnaire surveys with 4 groups of a total of 159 informants (10 lecturers, 1 head of department, 1 program coordinator, and 147 mechanical engineering students) were conducted. Enumeration was used for lecturers, the head of the department, and the program coordinator, whilst convenience sampling was used for students, with a response rate of 60%. A binary integer linear programming (ILP) model was developed by considering workload-related constraints such as class capacity, course contact hours, course credits, and the number of courses per lecturer. The ILP model was implemented in optimization software and the results were validated using the Delphi method. The results demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the model in balancing workload by objectively (reducing biases) assigning under-utilized lecturers to more courses and over-utilized lecturers to fewer courses, in terms of simultaneously considering other workload-related variables, unlike existing studies. These results were used to instill a timely, formal, and consistent assignment approach that is fair and free from biases. The proposed model contributes to enhancing fairness and hence collective satisfaction of lecturers, program coordinators, and students, given a formalized, consistent, and timesaving assignment approach that considers other workload-related variables other than the number of courses per lecturer. Another contribution lies in a deeper understanding of a comprehensive range of factors that play a role in lecturer-to-course assignments for higher education institutions. Moreover, this study has implications for practice, given that other academic institutions may benefit from this work, in terms of policy considerations.

Renewable energies are increasingly being considered for use in electricity networks. The high variability of consumption, and the instability of renewable energies, necessitate the use of energy storage systems. The problem of optimizing investment for an energy storage system is formulated here. The proposed model, in particular, determines the optimal size of the energy storage system based on maximizing social welfare. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), and an equivalent mixed complementary problem (MCP) to solve a quadratic system of nonlinear equations. Due to its high efficiency, the Benders decomposition technique is used to solve the proposed model. The results of solving a 300-node system that cannot be solved by CPLEX using the Benders decomposition technique are presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently find a solution while considering the network’s limitations, increasing social welfare. Finally, the performance of the MILP and MCP models for various numerical cases is compared. The findings of this paper indicate that by increasing the dimensions of the problem, the performance of the MCP model improves compared to the MILP model in terms of computational time and the value of the objective function.

Plantation agriculture remains an important sector of the Malaysian economy. However, it faces problems of labour supply especially from the local participation, which led to the recruitment of foreign labourers. This study, therefore, attempts to assess the degree of local labour participation in the plantation sector based on the case study of landowners who participated in SALCRA’s plantations at Roban-South and Saratok oil palm estates in the Saratok District, Sarawak. The specific objectives are to determine participants’ demographic characteristics, to examine how agro-economic diversification and various forms of non-farm employment influence the labour supply in the estates, and to assess the attitude of the participant's participation towards the project, the regimented working style and foreign workers – “Tenaga Kerja Indonesia” (TKI). Data for the study were collected mainly through face-to-face interviews using an interview schedule. The study revealed that 35.14% of the respondents or landowners’ households supply labour to the plantations. Landowners’ labour participation in SALCRA plantations is influenced by the household size and land participating in SALCRA plantations. A two-stage cluster random sampling was used to select the respondents. As the sample of the study is small and confined to only two states, its significance is only to provide an insightful understanding of local labour supply characteristics of the Roban-South and Saratok oil palm estates and cannot be taken to reflect the whole of SALCRA.

Creating clear and timely performance reports across all components of the pangasius.sp agroindustry supply chain is pressing, particularly in monitoring each stakeholder' KPIs. The information model based on Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) tries to portray the needs of each stakeholder. The essential stakeholders supply chain criteria in the pangasius.sp fish agroindustry was mapped into respectable definitions. The proposed formulation generates associated features into evaluation measures to evaluate specific performance. The performance of each attribute is then compared to industry best practices. An Application Development Framework (ADF) based on Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN) connects the model's operations with a cloud-based database. The front-end integrated by JavaScript with database operations based on SCOR is finished and ready for mobile and desktop use. This model enables straightforward interpretation and comprehension of performance measurement through various visualizations such as spider charts, histograms, line charts, and ETL (Extract, Transform, and Load) features. Based on the findings in Figure 8, it is apparent that the fish processing sector is presently performing below expectations. The total performance score of 78.81 signifies this. The scores for reliability, responsiveness, agility, cost, and assets qualities are moderate, indicating room for improvement. The low scores for order fulfillment cycle time (63.60) and cash-to-cash cycle time (51.70) are noteworthy, and improving these performance indicators should be the primary focus to enhance overall performance. The model would efficiently illustrate evaluation functionality by leveraging real-world data obtained from Indonesia's pangasius. sp agroindustry's three main regions, namely the provinces of West Java, East Java and Lampung. Quick geographic comparisons are provided for research at several user levels in the pangasius.sp processing, retail, collector, and aquaculture industries.

As time evolves, the demand of the markets becomes much more dynamic and for meeting client’s expectations and have the edge over others, changes in existent processes are compulsory. Thus, Improvement Initiative (IMI) provides guidelines in achieving organizational goals which is to optimize profit and enhance the productivity. However, several cases have been reported with low rate of success of the IMI’s practice in which they have failed to achieve the intended improvement result and one of the factors is lack of awareness of the IMI’s Critical Success Factors (CSF). The process to identify the CSFs of an IMI is significant as it allows organizations to focus their effort to make sure they are ready and qualified when implementing the respective IMI and prevent improvement failures in the future. In addition, lack of reference regarding the reference model of comprehensive CSFs for an IMI from existing literatures allow a new study to bridge this research gap. Therefore, this paper sets out the findings of reviewing and gathering latest critical success factors and thus developing a reference model that incorporate lists of CSFs for each IMI with their attributes. This study incorporated Positivism as the research perspective and adopted quantitative research method to meet the objectives. Via extensive systematic literature review (SLR) procedures, a total of 72 publications were used to extract information needed which later enable the conceptual model development for IMI selection of comprehensive critical success factors as a reference support for decision makers. To ensure generalization of the model, the quantitative research method was adopted with a total of 137 respondents’ feedback of survey were gathered from various organizations. The reflective-formative hierarchical model was then developed and analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) via Smart PLS software to test the model of CSFs for IMI. As the final result, six out of nine CSFs with 39 attributes were considered as critical factors when choosing the most suitable IMI to be adopted in an organization. As a conclusion, this research provides organizational readiness when starting to deploy IMI by providing comprehensive critical success factors as a reference point to aid and prepare practitioners that will lead to the failure of improvement in their business.

Thousands of people had significant health problems as the COVID-19 virus swept over the country which is increasing the fatality rate. The only way to stop the epidemic from spreading was for affected countries to halt all civil and eco-nomic operations for an extended period. As a result, some governments have imposed a global lockdown, which is still in effect. In this scenario, all business activity in all industries is halted. For numerous industries, the shutdown has a variety of ramifications. The aviation, hospitality, restaurant, and manufacturing industries, for example, have all shut down and will take years to recover. To tackle the current scenario, businesses are attempting to manage offices and administrative jobs using the "Work from Home" (WFH) paradigm. Businesses are attempting to withstand the storm. Furthermore, the factors that affects the productivity of work from home had been identified. Productivity has been largely determined by occupant self-reports. These are more subjective in nature and more prone to bias than satisfaction ratings, as respondents are asked to make an estimate based on their own emotions

Small Medium Enterprise (SME) gives a big pressure on the management of their assets. Lack of expertise and awareness will become the major obstacles in achieving a better business strategy. Lean principles are applied in manufacturing and service industries extensively, but its success application in industry has been poor. The main objective of this study is to identify the Barrier for implementation of Lean Manufacturing (LM) at SMEs and to determine the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for Implementation of Lean Manufacturing (LM) at SMEs. The data was collected using questionnaire and all the data was analyzed by using SPSS. There are 208 respondents involved in this study and the questionnaire is accepted with Cronbach’s Alpha more than 0.7. From the new conceptual model created after KMO and Bartlett’s Test, the researchers show there is one construct eliminated for both CSFs and Barriers. This study found that the construct for the Barrier for implementation of Lean Manufacturing at SMEs were related to resources, management, knowledge and financial. The construct for the CSFs for Implementation of Lean Manufacturing at SMEs were related to responsibility & leadership, supplier, people management and resource. The proposed model from this study will only be suitable for SMEs in Pasir Gudang Industrial area.

The smart grid is actually the result of the integration of the structures of the power system and its communication structures, and this is the key point in the implementation of smart grid projects. This means that the integration of electricity production and distribution reduces the costs of implementing a smart network, and in this regard, the preparation of the telecommunication platform is one of the most necessary requirements for moving in the direction of smartening the network. The ability to locate the fault and restore the power supply in time is one of the important indicators of a strong smart grid. Especially when a large number of DGs are connected to the system, the network structure and working mode will change, and the demands on the traditional fault location method will increase. In this article, due to the difficulty of using the traditional fault location method in distribution networks with DG, two smart algorithms, TS and BFA, have been used for fault location in this type of networks. So that the location of dynamic distributed generation sources such as wind turbines is done first, then their effect on providing the load profile in the presence of distribution network faults is discussed. The results of the simulation confirm the correctness and correctness of the performance of the proposed method, so that the case studies conducted can open the way for engineers to evaluate new fault.

This research sought to identify the best welding processes with the lowest de-fective rate. It is important to select the most appropriate welding process for a certain condition, such as welding, taking into consideration technical and eco-nomic viability. This study will help the key person in the organisation make the right decision on the selection welding process. The existence of many welding processes on the market, each with their own sets of advantages and disad-vantages, makes determining the optimal welding process for a given situation challenging. As a result, selecting which welding process would provide the best welding quality at the lowest cost is critical to the success of any company's mar-ket strategy. There are three (3) variables that will be further investigated, which are: weld-ing process (WP), defective rate (DR), and types of welding defect (WD). This study will analyse welder data from the welding department in MMHE, Pasir Gudang, Johor. The software that is going to be used is Minitab and SPSS. The re-search methodology starts with data collection, data screening, description analy-sis, inferential statistical analysis, independent sample t-test, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The result of the analysis shows that there is a correlation between WP versus DR and WP versus WD, but it is a weak correlation. The re-sults also show that SAW is the best welding process and contributes almost no defects. The SAW process is the right choice for fabricators to use in the structural fabrication industry. However, due to time constraints, probably the cost factor of SAW process is slightly higher than other welding processes not discussed in this study

The sustainability of the Traditional Shipyard Industry relies heavily on continuous improvement is to the production process, with the aim of optimizing it by reducing waste. To address this need, this study proposes the use of a Value Stream Mapping tool integrated with Sustainability Indicators to suggest ideas for continuous improvement in the Traditional Shipyard Industry. The main contribution of this research is the development of a concept that enables the assessment of measurable environmental, economic, and social systems in the shipbuilding process in traditional shipyards, allowing for continuous monitoring of changes in the shipbuilding system. The research method included a literature review, direct observation through fieldwork, and discussions with owners, management, employees, and operators on ship production in several Traditional Shipyards in Aceh. The findings suggest that the proposed concept can provide direction for improvement, leading to continuous enhancement in ship production in Traditional Shipyards. This research provides valuable insights for industry practitioners and policymakers on how to achieve sustainability through continuous improvement in traditional shipbuilding.